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Luénoufla, nestled within the Sassandra-Marahoué region of Ivory Coast, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 7.0724° latitude and -6.2413° longitude. The town’s setting is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, typical of the Guinean Shield, transitioning from forested highlands to the coastal plains. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 150 meters above sea level, which influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly a mosaic of dense tropical rainforest and small-scale agricultural plots, primarily focused on cocoa and plantain cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvesting and processing seasons. Luénoufla’s proximity to the Sassandra River, a major waterway, provides a degree of humidity and influences local weather systems, potentially trapping pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. The urban–rural gradient around Luénoufla is gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just under 20,000, and blends seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural and forested areas. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Luénoufla, however, the larger port city of Sassandra, with its associated shipping and processing activities, lies approximately 80 kilometers to the southwest, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The prevailing winds generally flow from the southwest, carrying potential contaminants from coastal industrial zones inland.

Luénoufla experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This often leads to a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing through precipitation. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during this period, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly cocoa farming, becomes more prevalent as fields are prepared and harvests are processed. The wet season, from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally scrubbing the atmosphere and reducing particulate matter concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of biological volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released from the dense vegetation. Fog, a relatively rare occurrence, can form during the transitional periods between seasons, trapping pollutants and creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly from June to September. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, minimizing prolonged exposure to outdoor air, especially during periods of stagnant air or visible haze. Agricultural workers should utilize appropriate respiratory protection during peak farming activities.