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Sinfra, nestled within the Sassandra-Marahoué region of Ivory Coast at coordinates 6.6210, -5.9114, is a city profoundly shaped by its equatorial tropical location. The terrain is generally undulating, part of the broader transition zone between the forested south and the savanna north, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. Situated inland, Sinfra isn’t directly coastal, but benefits from proximity to the Sassandra River, a vital waterway for transport and agriculture. This riverine influence contributes to higher local humidity. The city’s urban character is rapidly evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural service centre to a more diversified economic hub. Surrounding Sinfra are extensive cocoa and coffee plantations, a dominant feature of the regional landscape. These agricultural zones contribute to seasonal biomass burning, a significant source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with dense settlement concentrated around the city centre, giving way quickly to agricultural land. The elevation is modest, generally below 200m, which doesn’t create strong temperature inversions but can trap pollutants during calm weather. Industrial activity is limited, but growing, primarily focused on processing agricultural products, potentially creating localised pollution hotspots. The city’s position within a humid tropical climate dictates its air quality dynamics.

Sinfra experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. This is largely due to increased dust from unpaved roads and widespread agricultural burning to prepare fields for the next planting season. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can also transport dust plumes southward, exacerbating the issue. February and March are generally the months with the poorest air quality. The onset of the wet season in April brings a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away pollutants and suppresses dust. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of mould spores, impacting respiratory health. The peak of the wet season, from June to September, generally offers the cleanest air, with consistent rainfall and increased vegetation cover. October marks a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly February and March. During the wet season, while air quality is better, precautions should be taken to avoid exposure to damp environments and mould.