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Old Harbour, nestled in the parish of Saint Catherine, Jamaica, occupies a strategically important location within the island’s southern plains. Situated at approximately 17.9333° N, 77.1167° W, the town’s geography is characterized by gently undulating terrain transitioning from coastal lowlands to the foothills of the Blue Mountains in the distance. Its proximity to the Rio Grande River and the Caribbean Sea significantly influences local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and livestock farming – and developing residential areas, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient. Old Harbour’s position within the broader industrial belt of Saint Catherine, which includes several manufacturing and processing facilities, contributes to localized pollution sources. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15-30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The town’s historical significance as a major port for sugar exports has shaped its urban character, with a mix of older colonial-era buildings and more modern developments. The prevailing trade winds, typically from the east, generally provide some degree of natural ventilation, but their effectiveness is reduced during calmer periods. The surrounding agricultural zones, while vital to the local economy, can also contribute to air pollution through the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and through biomass burning during land clearing or crop residue disposal. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea salt aerosol deposition, impacting air quality and visibility.

Old Harbour’s tropical climate dictates a seasonal narrative of air quality, primarily defined by wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall during this period means less atmospheric cleansing, and stagnant air conditions are more frequent. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, can occur, particularly in the early morning hours, further concentrating pollutants released from agricultural activities and industrial sources. The months of January and February are often the most challenging for air quality, with reduced wind speeds and increased biomass burning for land preparation. Conversely, the wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere and increases ventilation. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased dust from unpaved roads and construction sites. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of haze or reduced visibility. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding dust from construction is advised. Agricultural practices, especially burning, should be carefully managed to minimize their impact on air quality, and industrial emissions should be closely monitored throughout the year to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. The interplay of wind patterns and rainfall dictates the overall air quality experience in Old Harbour.