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Borj el Qoblé, nestled in the Liban-Sud governorate of Lebanon, occupies a strategically significant position within the Beqaa Valley. Its coordinates (33.2631, 35.2389) place it at the foot of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, a dramatic range separating Lebanon from Syria. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently sloping hills and fertile plains, a consequence of the Orontes River’s alluvial deposits. This valley setting, while agriculturally productive, presents unique challenges for air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of orchards, vineyards, and small-scale farms, contributing to both natural emissions (biogenic volatile organic compounds) and potential agricultural burning during harvest seasons. The proximity to the Anti-Lebanon Mountains creates a funnel effect, trapping pollutants and limiting dispersion, particularly during periods of low wind. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Borj el Qoblé transitions quickly from a small town to agricultural land and then to the rugged mountain slopes. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the Beqaa Valley’s irrigation systems draw from groundwater and the Orontes, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the behaviour of airborne particles. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering the city, but regional industrial activity in areas like Zahle can contribute to transboundary pollution events. The elevation, around 800 meters above sea level, also influences atmospheric stability and temperature inversions, further impacting air quality dynamics.

Borj el Qoblé’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Lebanon’s Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as winds increase and temperatures rise, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural burning associated with spring planting can introduce particulate matter into the atmosphere, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest period, and while sunshine is abundant, stagnant air conditions can develop, especially during heatwaves. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent, leading to pollutant accumulation. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with increased rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, agricultural activities intensify, and the burning of crop residues becomes more prevalent, contributing to elevated particulate matter levels. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses combined with frequent fog and temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. The lack of wind and the prevalence of moisture can exacerbate respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during winter months and periods of stagnant air. During the autumn months, residents should be aware of potential smoke from agricultural burning and take precautions to minimize exposure. Spring’s agricultural practices also warrant caution, particularly for those sensitive to particulate matter.