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Tyre, located in Lebanon’s Liban-Sud Governorate (33.2708° N, 35.1961° E), is a historically significant coastal city with a complex geographical setting profoundly influencing its air quality. Situated on a peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean Sea, Tyre’s terrain is relatively flat near the coast, rising gently inland towards agricultural lands. The surrounding landscape is characterised by fertile coastal plains, historically used for agriculture – particularly citrus fruits and bananas – and rocky outcrops. To the east, the terrain ascends towards the Qadisha Valley and the mountains, creating a natural barrier. The city’s proximity to the sea provides a moderating influence on temperature but also facilitates the transport of pollutants. While Tyre isn’t a major industrial hub like Beirut, smaller-scale industries, including food processing and some light manufacturing, contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas immediately bordering the city. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, carry maritime air but can also channel pollutants from coastal shipping and potentially from further afield. Dust storms originating from the Syrian Desert can also impact air quality, particularly during drier periods. The city’s historical core, a UNESCO World Heritage site, presents unique challenges for traffic management and emissions control.

Tyre experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons that heavily influence air quality. Winter (December-February) brings increased rainfall, which temporarily improves air quality by washing away particulate matter, but also creates damp conditions conducive to fungal growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, common during calm winter nights, can trap pollutants near ground level. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual warming and increasing agricultural activity, leading to a rise in pollen and potentially agricultural dust. Summer (June-August) is hot and dry, with consistently clear skies but increased ozone formation due to high temperatures and sunlight. This period also sees increased tourism, contributing to traffic-related emissions. Autumn (September-November) is generally considered the most pleasant time of year for air quality, with cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall. However, the burning of agricultural waste after harvest can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during summer months due to ozone levels and during autumn due to agricultural burning. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and smoke events is advisable.