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Benghazi, Libya's second-largest city, occupies a strategic position on the Gulf of Sidra in northeastern Libya, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the arid landscapes of the Cyrenaica region. Situated at approximately 32.1167°N, 20.0667°E, the city lies on a gently sloping coastal plain with an average elevation of just 2 meters above sea level, creating a flat urban expanse that extends inland toward the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountain) plateau to the east. This proximity to the Mediterranean moderates temperatures but also exposes Benghazi to sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, though the city's location in a semi-enclosed gulf sometimes traps maritime humidity. The surrounding terrain transitions rapidly from urban density to sparse agricultural zones and then to desert scrubland, creating a sharp urban–rural gradient. Benghazi's air quality is influenced by its position as a major port and commercial hub, with general urban pollution sources like vehicle emissions concentrated in the city center, while industrial activities are scattered along the outskirts. The lack of significant topographic barriers to the south allows occasional dust intrusions from the Sahara, though the coastal setting generally provides some protection. The city's low elevation and flat terrain can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during calm periods, exacerbating local pollution from transportation and residential energy use.

In Benghazi, air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by Mediterranean climate patterns, with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. During winter (December to February), increased rainfall and stronger westerly winds from the sea help cleanse the air, making this the cleanest period for outdoor activities, though occasional temperature inversions on calm nights can trap pollutants near the ground. Spring (March to May) sees rising temperatures and reduced precipitation, leading to more frequent dust events from the Sahara, particularly in April and May, when southerly winds carry particulate matter into the city; sensitive groups like those with respiratory conditions should monitor forecasts during these months. Summer (June to August) brings intense heat and low humidity, which can elevate ground-level ozone from vehicle emissions, compounded by stagnant air during heatwaves; early mornings are preferable for outdoor exercise to avoid peak pollution hours. Autumn (September to November) offers a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and sea breezes resume, though October can still experience residual dust; overall, late autumn provides favourable conditions with moderate pollution levels. Throughout the year, Benghazi's air quality is most compromised during transitional seasons (spring and autumn) when dust and urban emissions coincide, whereas winter offers the most reliable clarity for health-conscious residents and visitors.