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Qaryat Sulūq, nestled within the Banghāzī region of Libya, occupies a geographically significant position along the Libyan coastline. Located at approximately 31.6686°N, 20.2503°E, the city benefits from proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, though it isn’t directly on the immediate shore. The terrain is largely characterised by low-lying coastal plains transitioning into the Jebel Akhdar mountains further inland. This relatively flat coastal landscape facilitates the dispersion of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, but also allows for stagnation during periods of calm. The urban character of Qaryat Sulūq is typical of a smaller Libyan city, exhibiting a blend of residential areas and local commercial activity. Banghāzī itself, a major industrial and port city, exerts a strong regional influence, and prevailing winds often carry emissions from its industrial zones towards Qaryat Sulūq. The surrounding landscape is predominantly arid and semi-arid, with limited vegetation cover. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activity concentrated in smaller pockets and the immediate hinterland largely consisting of desert scrubland. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara Desert to the south, are a frequent occurrence, significantly impacting local air quality. The city’s elevation is low, contributing to potential temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground.

Air quality in Qaryat Sulūq experiences distinct seasonal variations. During the spring (March-May), the easing of winter winds brings increased dust from the Sahara, elevating particulate matter concentrations. Summer (June-August) is characterised by intense heat and stable atmospheric conditions, potentially trapping pollutants from regional sources, including Banghāzī. While sea breezes offer some relief, they can also transport marine aerosols. Autumn (September-November) often sees a temporary improvement in air quality as cooler temperatures and increased rainfall help to wash away pollutants and suppress dust. However, this period can also experience localised burning of agricultural waste, contributing to smoke. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and stronger winds, which generally improve dispersion, but can also exacerbate dust storms. January and February are typically the months with the most frequent and intense dust events. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during spring and summer. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; periods with winds from the west or southwest are likely to bring higher pollution levels from Banghāzī. Staying indoors during dust storms is paramount, and using air purifiers with HEPA filters is recommended.