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Andéranboukan, nestled within the Gao Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position on the edge of the Inner Niger Delta, a vital floodplain ecosystem. Located at approximately 15.4275° N, 3.0175° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian landscape, with elevations rarely exceeding 200 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, coupled with its proximity to the Niger River and its associated floodplains, creates a unique microclimate susceptible to humidity and stagnant air conditions, particularly during the wet season. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of semi-arid grasslands, sparse acacia woodlands, and extensive agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to rice cultivation and millet farming, crucial for regional food security. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the small settlement of Andéranboukan to the broader agricultural zone, with occasional nomadic pastoral activities. While Gao, a larger urban center, lies approximately 40 kilometers to the northeast, Andéranboukan’s air quality is more directly influenced by local agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, and the potential for dust storms originating from the surrounding Sahelian plains. The flat terrain limits natural ventilation, and the lack of significant topographical barriers means pollutants can linger, especially during periods of low wind speed. The delta’s hydrology also impacts air quality, with seasonal flooding potentially releasing organic compounds and contributing to localized odors and potentially affecting particulate matter.

Andéranboukan experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November to May, is characterized by intense solar radiation, low humidity, and frequent dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert and the Bodélé Depression. These events significantly elevate particulate matter concentrations, particularly PM10 and PM2.5, posing a respiratory health risk. Wind patterns during this period are variable, sometimes bringing relief but often exacerbating dust intrusion. The months of February and March are particularly challenging, often experiencing prolonged periods of hazy conditions. Conversely, the wet season (June to October) brings a relative improvement in air quality, although not without its own challenges. Increased rainfall helps to wash away particulate matter, and higher humidity can suppress dust lifting. However, the wet season also sees increased agricultural activity, including the burning of crop residues, which releases significant amounts of smoke and pollutants. Stagnant air conditions can occur during periods of low wind, trapping these emissions. Fog, though infrequent, can also form during cooler nights, further concentrating pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during dust storm events. During the wet season, minimizing exposure to smoke from agricultural burning is advisable. The transition periods between seasons often present unpredictable air quality conditions, requiring vigilance and awareness of local weather patterns.