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Dialoubé, situated in the Mopti State of Mali at coordinates 15.0192, -4.2325, is a city deeply interwoven with the Niger River’s inland delta. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian region, with an elevation hovering around 200 meters. This low-lying geography, coupled with its location within the Niger River’s floodplain, significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of floodplains, *dune* formations, and sparse vegetation, transitioning to more arid conditions further north. Dialoubé functions as a crucial market town and transport hub for the region, connecting agricultural zones to larger urban centres. While not heavily industrialized, the city experiences increased dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, particularly during the dry season. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; immediately surrounding the city are agricultural lands dedicated to rice and vegetable cultivation, while further out lies pastoral land. The river itself, while a vital resource, can contribute to localised humidity and potential for stagnant air, trapping pollutants. The city’s position within a broad river valley limits atmospheric dispersion, exacerbating the impact of local emission sources. The seasonal flooding also impacts air quality through increased humidity and potential for mould spore dispersal.

Dialoubé experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and the Harmattan wind, bringing substantial amounts of Saharan dust. This period sees the poorest air quality, with particulate matter concentrations peaking between February and April. The Harmattan, while providing some atmospheric mixing, also carries fine dust particles deep into the city. The transition to the wet season, June to October, brings relief. Rainfall suppresses dust, and increased humidity can temporarily cleanse the air. However, the wet season also presents challenges. Stagnant air masses can form, trapping pollutants from local sources like cooking fires and vehicle emissions. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can experience localised humidity and mould spore concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak dust periods of the dry season. During the wet season, maintaining indoor ventilation is crucial to prevent mould growth. Avoiding burning biomass for cooking indoors is vital year-round, but especially during periods of stagnant air.