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Dorou, situated in the Mopti State of Mali at coordinates 14.4569, -3.0936, is a town deeply embedded within the Inland Niger Delta, a vast floodplain of the Niger River. The landscape is predominantly flat, characterized by seasonally flooded grasslands, scattered acacia woodlands, and numerous *dongs* – shallow depressions that hold water for extended periods. This low-lying terrain, at an elevation of roughly 200-250 meters, significantly influences local air quality. Dorou isn’t an industrial hub; its economy is overwhelmingly agrarian, centered on rice cultivation and pastoralism. However, this agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter pollution, particularly during the dry season when fields are burned for land preparation and post-harvest residue removal. The urban-rural gradient is blurred, with the town functioning as a market center for surrounding villages. The proximity to the Niger River, while vital for irrigation and livelihoods, also creates conditions conducive to humidity and potential for stagnant air, trapping pollutants. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by Harmattan winds, frequently impacts the region, exacerbating particulate matter levels. The lack of paved roads and prevalence of motorcycles and older vehicles further contribute to localized emissions. The surrounding landscape offers limited natural ventilation, concentrating pollutants within the town’s boundaries.

Dorou experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of air quality. The wet season (roughly June to October) generally offers improved air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes away dust and settles particulate matter, while higher humidity can suppress dust resuspension. However, increased moisture can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The dry season (November to May) is when air quality deteriorates significantly. This is driven by agricultural burning, dust storms originating from the Sahara, and increased vehicle emissions due to drier road conditions. January and February are typically the worst months, coinciding with peak Harmattan winds and widespread burning. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these periods. The transition months of May and November can be unpredictable, with fluctuating conditions. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the northeast bring Saharan dust, while those from the south may carry moisture and reduce dust levels. Staying indoors during dust events and using air filtration when possible are recommended.