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Soubala, nestled within the Mopti Region of Mali, occupies a geographically significant position on the edge of the Niger River floodplain. Located at approximately 13.8625° latitude and -3.5000° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Sahelian zone. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of savanna grasslands, interspersed with patches of gallery forest along the Niger River and its tributaries. This proximity to the river is vital for agriculture, with extensive cultivation of millet, sorghum, and maize occurring in the fertile alluvial soils. The urban–rural gradient around Soubala is gradual, transitioning from the town’s compact settlement to the wider agricultural lands and then to the open savanna. While Soubala itself is a small town, its regional importance stems from its role as a market center for surrounding rural communities. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Soubala; however, agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residues after harvest, represent a localized source of air pollution. The town’s location within the Sahel also means it is susceptible to dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert to the north, which can significantly degrade air quality. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often trap dust and smoke, exacerbating local pollution issues. The Niger River’s influence moderates temperatures somewhat, but also introduces humidity which can affect the dispersion of pollutants.

Soubala’s air quality is dictated by its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall leads to drier vegetation and soil, increasing the risk of wildfires, often intentionally set for land clearing or agricultural purposes. These fires release substantial quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the lack of rainfall and lower humidity contribute to atmospheric stability, hindering the vertical mixing of air and trapping pollutants near the ground. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara, are also more frequent during the dry season, further degrading air quality. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity promotes atmospheric mixing, dispersing pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release mould spores and other allergens into the air. The months of February and March are particularly concerning due to a combination of dry conditions, agricultural burning, and potential dust incursions. Conversely, July and August, with consistent rainfall, generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak fire periods and dust storm events. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration can also be beneficial.