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San Mateo Atenco, nestled within the State of México, Mexico, occupies a strategically important position in the sprawling Mexico City metropolitan area. Located at approximately 19.2667° latitude and -99.5333° longitude, the city sits on a relatively flat plain within the Valley of Mexico, a high-altitude basin surrounded by mountains. This basin geography significantly influences air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land, particularly maize and vegetable fields, and increasingly, industrial and commercial zones extending outwards from Mexico City. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with San Mateo Atenco exhibiting a blend of residential areas, small-scale industries, and agricultural pockets. Its elevation, around 2,240 meters (7,350 feet) above sea level, contributes to temperature inversions, a common meteorological phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, hindering pollutant dispersion. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the valley's drainage patterns and occasional rainfall contribute to humidity levels that can affect particulate matter behavior. The city’s proximity to the industrial belts of Mexico City and the neighboring municipalities means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution, with emissions from larger urban centers impacting local air quality. The surrounding agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of crop residue, also contribute to localized pollution episodes. The valley's topography, therefore, creates a complex interplay of factors that shape San Mateo Atenco’s air quality profile.

San Mateo Atenco’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s climate and meteorological conditions. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often witnesses the most concerning air quality challenges. During these months, reduced rainfall and increased sunshine lead to lower humidity, which allows particulate matter to persist longer in the atmosphere. Temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The lack of wind, particularly during periods of high-pressure systems, further exacerbates the problem, preventing effective dispersion. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during this period, adding to the pollution load. Conversely, the wet season, from May to October, brings relief through frequent rainfall that naturally cleanses the air. However, even during the wet season, periods of fog, especially in the mornings, can trap pollutants and temporarily degrade air quality. The months of March and November often represent transitional periods with variable conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution times, typically in the early morning and late afternoon. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. While the wet season generally offers improved air quality, vigilance is still advised, particularly during foggy days, as pollutant concentrations can still be elevated.