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Temascalcingo, nestled within the State of México, Mexico, occupies a strategically important position within the sprawling Greater Mexico City metropolitan area. Located at approximately 19.9147° latitude and -100.0036° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of around 2,250 meters (7,382 feet) above sea level, placing it firmly within the high-altitude Mexican Plateau. This elevation significantly influences air quality dynamics, contributing to temperature inversions, a common phenomenon where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, hindering pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to maize and vegetable cultivation, and increasingly, residential development reflecting the city’s growth as a commuter town. To the west, the rugged terrain of the Sierra de Guadalupe mountains provides a partial barrier, influencing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Temascalcingo benefits from proximity to smaller streams and drainage channels, contributing to local humidity. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with denser residential areas concentrated closer to the city center gradually transitioning to more agricultural and sparsely populated zones outwards. The city’s location within the heavily industrialized and densely populated Mexico City basin means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution, receiving pollutants carried by prevailing winds from Mexico City and surrounding industrial zones. This regional context is crucial in understanding Temascalcingo’s air quality challenges, as local emissions combine with those originating from a much larger area.

Temascalcingo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical highland climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, which inhibits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The cooler nights and warmer days create stable atmospheric conditions, preventing vertical mixing and allowing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants to accumulate. February and March often see the poorest air quality due to a combination of these factors and agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief as increased rainfall washes pollutants from the atmosphere and higher humidity promotes dispersion. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from inundated areas. During the summer months, occasional fog can reduce visibility and temporarily trap pollutants, though the overall effect is generally positive due to increased precipitation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically in the mornings and evenings. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also recommended. The transition months of April and October present a moderate risk, requiring continued vigilance and awareness of local air quality conditions.