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Acatzingo, Puebla, nestled in the heart of Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within the central Mexican highlands. Located at approximately 18.98° latitude and -97.78° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 2,130 meters (6,988 feet) above sea level, placing it firmly within a temperate, high-altitude climate zone. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, with agricultural lands dominating the immediate periphery. This region is intensely farmed, with corn, beans, and various fruits being key crops, contributing to localized agricultural emissions. To the west, the Sierra Norte de Puebla range provides a backdrop, influencing regional wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Acatzingo itself lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, it draws water from regional aquifers, and the broader Puebla state is traversed by several waterways. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural fields and smaller rural communities. The city’s location within a basin-like topography, combined with the surrounding mountains, can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting atmospheric dispersion, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Industrial activity, while not extensive within Acatzingo itself, is present in nearby Puebla City and other regional hubs, contributing to transboundary pollution events. The prevalence of wood-burning stoves for heating and cooking in both Acatzingo and surrounding rural areas also represents a significant localized source of particulate matter.

Acatzingo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its subtropical highland climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November through April, often presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of particulate matter from agricultural burning, residential wood stoves, and vehicle emissions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their impact. The months of December and January frequently see the poorest air quality due to a combination of these factors. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity helps to bind particulate matter. However, even during the wet season, agricultural burning practices, particularly during land clearing for planting in May and June, can trigger short-term spikes in air pollution. Wind patterns play a crucial role; prevailing winds from the north and northwest can disperse pollutants, while periods of calm air exacerbate stagnation. Fog, common during the cooler months, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. The transition months of April and October represent periods of moderate air quality, offering opportunities for outdoor recreation, but vigilance remains important due to the potential for localized burning events.