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Tepatlaxco, Puebla, nestled within the heart of Mexico’s central highlands, occupies a geographically significant position influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 19.0667° latitude and -97.9667° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 1,950 meters (6,400 feet) above sea level. This altitude contributes to cooler temperatures and a generally drier climate, factors that can impact atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt, a region formed by volcanic activity. To the east, agricultural lands dominate, primarily dedicated to maize and bean cultivation, with occasional orchard plantings. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, and from the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small rural communities and scattered farms bordering Tepatlaxco. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the city’s location within Puebla state, a region experiencing moderate industrial growth, means that pollutants from larger urban centers like Puebla City can occasionally be transported via prevailing winds. The terrain, with its enclosed valleys, can also promote the formation of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during periods of calm weather. The lack of significant nearby bodies of water further limits natural air purification processes, making the city’s air quality particularly sensitive to local emissions.

Tepatlaxco’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical highland climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural scavenging of pollutants. Furthermore, temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, particularly in December and January, as cooler nighttime air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air aloft, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the surface. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during these months. The spring and summer months (May to October) bring increased rainfall and higher temperatures, generally leading to improved air quality due to enhanced atmospheric mixing and pollutant washout. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Fog, particularly in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes, which are most likely to occur in the mornings. During the wetter months, while overall air quality tends to be better, brief periods of elevated particulate matter can still occur due to dust storms or localized agricultural activities. Staying informed about local weather patterns and air quality forecasts is crucial for minimizing exposure.