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José María Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico, occupies a geographically unique position within the Yucatán Peninsula, a region characterized by its low-lying limestone karst topography. Situated approximately 19.75° N, 88.70° W, the city’s elevation rarely exceeds 10 meters above sea level, placing it within a coastal plain dominated by tropical rainforest and mangrove ecosystems. Its proximity to the Caribbean Sea significantly influences local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dense jungle, cenotes (sinkholes), and coastal lagoons, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. While José María Morelos itself is a relatively small municipality with a population of around 11,750, it lies within a broader region experiencing tourism-driven growth, particularly impacting nearby coastal areas like Puerto Morelos. Agricultural activity, primarily focused on citrus and maize cultivation, is present in the surrounding areas, potentially contributing to localized emissions. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to José María Morelos; however, the region's increasing tourism infrastructure and associated transportation networks introduce vehicular emissions as a factor. The porous limestone bedrock allows for rapid groundwater flow, which can influence the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized air quality variations. The prevailing trade winds, typical of the Yucatán Peninsula, generally blow from the northeast, impacting the direction of pollutant transport and dispersal across the municipality and beyond.

The air quality narrative for José María Morelos is intrinsically linked to Quintana Roo’s distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often sees clearer skies and reduced humidity, but can also experience periods of stagnant air. While rainfall naturally helps cleanse the atmosphere, the lack of it during these months can allow for the accumulation of pollutants, particularly those originating from vehicular traffic and agricultural practices. The dry season’s cooler temperatures can occasionally lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially in the evenings. Conversely, the wet season (May to November) brings frequent rainfall and high humidity, generally leading to improved air quality through atmospheric cleansing. However, heavy rainfall can also mobilize dust and particulate matter from construction sites and unpaved roads, temporarily degrading air quality. The intensity of the monsoon-like rains during the peak of the wet season (August-October) usually outweighs this effect, resulting in a net improvement. During these months, outdoor activities are generally favoured, though caution is advised for individuals with respiratory sensitivities due to the high humidity. The shoulder months (May and November) can be unpredictable, with fluctuating rainfall and temperature patterns, potentially leading to variable air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should monitor local conditions and limit outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air or increased dust.