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Peto, Yucatán, nestled in the northern Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within a largely flat, limestone-dominated landscape. Located at approximately 20.1256° N, 88.9214° W and an elevation of just 18 meters above sea level, Peto experiences a subtropical climate heavily influenced by its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and the broader Caribbean Sea. The surrounding terrain is characterized by low-lying plains, punctuated by cenotes – sinkholes formed in the porous limestone bedrock – which are vital sources of freshwater. This karst topography significantly impacts drainage patterns and groundwater flow, influencing local microclimates. The urban fabric of Peto is relatively compact, reflecting its historical development as a regional trading center for the surrounding agricultural areas. The dominant land use in the immediate vicinity is agriculture, primarily focused on henequen (sisal) cultivation, maize, and citrus fruits. This agricultural activity, while economically important, contributes to potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. Further afield, the Yucatán Peninsula transitions into denser tropical forests and coastal wetlands. The urban–rural gradient around Peto is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields blending seamlessly into the town's periphery. The prevailing easterly trade winds, common throughout the Yucatán, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though their effectiveness can be diminished during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that air pollutants can spread relatively easily across the region, impacting air quality beyond the immediate boundaries of Peto itself.

Peto’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate, characterized by a pronounced wet and dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is partly due to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and increased agricultural burning practices as farmers prepare fields for the next planting cycle. Dust from agricultural lands, particularly during periods of wind, also contributes to this effect. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can sometimes lead to localized flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants trapped in standing water. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), atmospheric stability can fluctuate, occasionally leading to temperature inversions, particularly during calmer nights. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, potentially exacerbating air quality issues. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur during the cooler, drier months, further reducing air dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly mindful of outdoor activities during the dry season, especially on days with high wind or agricultural burning. While the overall air quality is generally moderate, awareness of these seasonal variations and potential triggers is crucial for minimizing exposure and protecting public health. The intensity of the monsoon season directly correlates with the degree of air quality improvement.