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Al Fqih Ben Çalah, nestled within the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 32.5°N, -6.53°W. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping plain, part of the larger Tadla plain, a fertile agricultural region. Its elevation, around 350 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively mild climate, but also influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and the fertile plains fed by the Oum Er-Rbia River, which flows nearby, providing a crucial water source for both agriculture and the city itself. This proximity to the river can, under certain meteorological conditions, lead to localized humidity and fog, impacting pollutant dispersion. Al Fqih Ben Çalah sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient; while it’s a regional hub with a population of nearly 97,000, it’s surrounded by extensive agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and fruit orchards. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to air pollution through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and the burning of crop residues, particularly during harvest seasons. Further afield, the High Atlas Mountains to the west create a barrier that can trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind. The city’s location, therefore, presents a complex interplay of natural factors and human activities that shape its air quality profile, making it susceptible to both regional and local pollution sources.

Al Fqih Ben Çalah experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. The dry season, spanning roughly from April to October, is generally characterized by higher temperatures and reduced precipitation. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to decreased rainfall to wash them away and increased solar radiation promoting photochemical reactions, leading to ozone formation. Summer months (July and August) are particularly challenging, with stagnant air and frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants close to the ground. The cooler, wetter months (November to March) bring relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning practices during the autumn harvest can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants in a localized area. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures moderate and winds increase. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during the summer months and be mindful of potential agricultural burning in the autumn. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable and should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of poor air quality. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during stagnant air conditions is advisable for all residents.