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Khénifra, nestled within the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region of Morocco, occupies a unique geographic position in the Middle Atlas Mountains. Situated at coordinates 32.9394, -5.6675, the city’s elevation of approximately 1,668 meters (5,472 feet) significantly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills, cedar forests, and agricultural plateaus. Unlike coastal Moroccan cities, Khénifra is inland, lacking the moderating influence of the ocean. The Moulouya River, a vital water source, flows nearby, but doesn’t exert a strong direct impact on urban air circulation. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the city centre is relatively compact, transitioning rapidly to agricultural lands dominated by small-scale farming and livestock rearing. While Khénifra isn’t a major industrial hub, localised artisanal activities and the processing of agricultural products contribute to particulate matter emissions. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, combined with the mountainous terrain which can trap pollutants, are key factors affecting air quality. The city’s location within a valley can exacerbate temperature inversions, particularly during colder months, leading to pollutant build-up. The prevailing winds, often from the west, can transport pollutants from surrounding areas, impacting local air quality.

Khénifra experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Air quality in Khénifra follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees improving conditions as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, though agricultural burning can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with clearer skies, but increased temperatures can promote ozone formation, particularly on still days. This is a period where sensitive individuals should limit strenuous outdoor activity during peak sunlight hours. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of rainfall and a decrease in ozone, but also increased wood burning for heating, leading to higher levels of particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Snowfall can temporarily improve conditions, but the reliance on wood and charcoal for heating significantly increases particulate matter concentrations. Individuals with respiratory conditions, the elderly, and young children should exercise caution and limit exposure during these months. Fog, common in winter, can also exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as easterly winds can bring pollutants from more industrialised areas to the east.