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Bouznika, nestled within the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco, presents a unique geographic setting influencing its air quality. Located at 33.7897°N, -7.1575°W, the city sits approximately 35km south of Casablanca, and a short distance inland from the Atlantic Ocean. The terrain is characterised by a gentle slope rising from the coastal plains, transitioning into the foothills of the High Atlas Mountains further south. This proximity to the ocean introduces a moderating influence on temperatures, but also facilitates the transport of marine aerosols and salt spray inland. Bouznika’s urban character is evolving, experiencing growth as a residential and recreational area for Casablanca’s population. Surrounding the city are agricultural lands, primarily focused on citrus fruits and market gardening, alongside emerging industrial zones concentrated along the coastal highway. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas quickly giving way to denser residential development. This combination of coastal influence, agricultural activity, and industrial development creates a complex interplay of factors impacting local air quality. Dust from inland areas, combined with potential emissions from transport and industry, are key considerations. The relatively low elevation minimizes temperature inversions, but coastal winds can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing weather patterns.

Bouznika’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved air quality due to consistent north-westerly trade winds blowing offshore, dispersing pollutants. However, high temperatures can exacerbate ozone formation, particularly closer to industrial areas. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with decreasing wind speeds and the potential for stagnant air masses, leading to a build-up of particulate matter from agricultural activities like harvesting and land preparation. Winter (December-February) is often the period of poorest air quality. Reduced wind speeds, increased humidity, and temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. Wood burning for heating in some households contributes to localised spikes in particulate matter. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, though dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and periods of Saharan dust intrusion. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak traffic hours are also advisable. The dry climate generally limits fog formation, but humidity can increase during winter, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues.