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Laghzawna, nestled within the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 33.1890° N, -7.6840° W. The town’s location, while relatively small with a population of 10,854, is shaped by its proximity to the Atlantic coast and the fertile plains of the Gharb. This coastal proximity introduces a unique set of environmental factors influencing air quality. Laghzawna sits on gently undulating terrain, part of a broader coastal plain that gradually rises towards the foothills of the Middle Atlas mountains to the east. This elevation, though modest, can contribute to localized temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields dedicated to cereal crops and fruit orchards, a characteristic of the Gharb region. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, especially during harvesting and tilling seasons. To the west lies the Atlantic Ocean, providing a potential source of sea spray and marine aerosols, which can interact with pollutants. Further inland, beyond the immediate agricultural belt, lies a gradual urban–rural gradient, with larger towns and cities like Casablanca exerting an indirect influence through transportation corridors and regional industrial activity. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, carry both marine influences and pollutants from more industrialized areas, impacting Laghzawna’s air quality profile.

Laghzawna’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. The dry summer months (June-August) typically see a reduction in overall pollution, although high temperatures can exacerbate the effects of existing pollutants on sensitive individuals. Strong, persistent westerly winds often disperse pollutants, but prolonged periods of calm can lead to localized build-ups, particularly near agricultural areas where dust from dry fields becomes a concern. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with increased humidity and occasional rainfall, which helps to cleanse the air. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the region to clear fields, can significantly degrade air quality during this period. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Cooler temperatures and frequent fog, combined with less frequent wind, create ideal conditions for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is often the period with the greatest potential for reduced visibility and respiratory discomfort. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, flushing out accumulated pollutants. The transition months of April and May are particularly pleasant, with moderate temperatures and generally good air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or calm conditions. During the autumn months, awareness of agricultural burning is crucial, and avoiding areas with visible smoke is recommended.