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Mellila, nestled within the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 33.38°N, 7.13°W, the city’s location on a relatively flat coastal plain bordering the Atlantic Ocean dictates its prevailing wind patterns and humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is characterized by gently rolling hills transitioning into the fertile plains of the Saïs region, a historically important agricultural zone. This proximity to agricultural lands introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, as well as from fertilizer application. While Mellila itself is a small urban center with a population of just over 15,000, its regional position places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated further inland, particularly around Casablanca, though the distance mitigates direct impacts. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields dominating the immediate periphery. The elevation is low, averaging around 20 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The Atlantic Ocean provides a moderating influence on temperature, but also introduces marine aerosols that can contribute to secondary particulate formation. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to sea fog, which can significantly reduce visibility and trap pollutants, especially during cooler months. The terrain’s flatness limits natural dispersion of pollutants, making air quality management a crucial consideration.

Mellila’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern driven by meteorological conditions. The dry season, spanning roughly from April to October, generally sees improved air quality due to stronger, more consistent Atlantic breezes that effectively disperse pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara, though less frequent than in southern Morocco, can still impact air quality during this period, particularly in late spring and early summer. The wet season, from November to March, brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity. This period is often characterized by periods of stagnant air, particularly during prolonged spells of fog, which frequently roll in from the Atlantic. Temperature inversions are more common during these months, trapping pollutants near the surface. November and December often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of cooler temperatures, reduced wind speeds, and increased fog frequency. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the spring months (March-May) and the early autumn (September-October) when wind speeds are moderate and temperatures are pleasant. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of fog or stagnant air, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and considering the use of air filtration devices indoors. The agricultural cycle also plays a role, with increased emissions from agricultural practices potentially impacting air quality during planting and harvesting periods, regardless of the season.