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Sidi Moussa Ben Ali, nestled within the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco, occupies a geographically strategic position just south of Casablanca, Morocco’s economic powerhouse. Located at approximately 33.56° N, 7.38° W, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the coastal plains that define this part of the Atlantic coast. Its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a blend of urban sprawl extending from Casablanca and agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and vegetable farming, contributing to potential dust and pollen sources. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Sidi Moussa Ben Ali transitions quickly from residential areas to agricultural fields, with occasional small industrial units scattered throughout. The city’s elevation is low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, the city’s close proximity to Casablanca’s industrial belt means it is susceptible to downwind pollution transport. The Atlantic breezes, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can also carry pollutants from the larger metropolitan area. The coastal location also means the city experiences higher humidity, which can affect the chemical reactions of pollutants in the atmosphere and influence particulate matter behavior. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially leading to localized air quality issues.

Sidi Moussa Ben Ali’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. The dry season, spanning roughly from April to October, generally sees improved air quality due to stronger, more consistent Atlantic breezes that effectively disperse pollutants. However, summer months (July and August) can experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves, leading to localized increases in ozone and particulate matter. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara Desert, are a recurring concern during spring (March-May), significantly degrading air quality and posing respiratory risks. The wet season, from November to February, brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, resulting in cleaner air. Fog, common during the winter months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality, especially in the mornings. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, are more frequent during the autumn and winter, hindering vertical mixing and allowing pollutants to accumulate. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during dust storm events and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the spring and autumn months, avoiding the peak heat of summer and the potential for fog in winter. While rainfall generally improves air quality, heavy downpours can temporarily increase particulate matter as soil is stirred up.