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Commune Sidi Youssef Ben Ahmed, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, occupies a strategically significant position on the southern fringes of the historic city of Fès. Its coordinates (33.7861, -4.8152) place it within a gently sloping terrain, part of the Middle Atlas foothills. The surrounding landscape is a compelling blend of urban and rural elements. To the north lies the sprawling urban fabric of Fès, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its intricate medina and vibrant commercial activity. Southward, the terrain transitions into agricultural lands, primarily olive groves and cereal fields, interspersed with small villages and traditional Moroccan architecture. The elevation, averaging around 450 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the commune benefits from proximity to the Oued Fez, a seasonal watercourse that impacts humidity levels and can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the commune acting as a buffer zone between the dense urban core of Fès and the surrounding agricultural hinterland. Industrial activity is concentrated within Fès itself, but emissions can still impact air quality in Sidi Youssef Ben Ahmed, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The topography, combined with the prevailing winds from the northwest, dictates how pollutants disperse, often leading to localized concentrations within the commune’s valleys and lower-lying areas. The presence of traditional wood-burning stoves in some households also contributes to localized particulate matter.

The air quality in Sidi Youssef Ben Ahmed follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing temperatures and more frequent winds that help disperse pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara can occasionally impact air quality, reducing visibility and increasing particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is characterized by high temperatures and prolonged periods of atmospheric stability, often leading to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. This is typically the most challenging period for air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and wind patterns become more variable. The transition months of October and November can be particularly susceptible to dust events. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, which can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of fog or low cloud cover. The prevalence of wood-burning stoves for heating during the colder months also contributes to elevated particulate matter levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer months and periods of stagnant air. Limiting outdoor exertion during peak heat and avoiding areas with visible smoke are advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide relief. The agricultural practices in the surrounding areas, such as burning crop residue, can also temporarily impact air quality, particularly during harvest season.