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Douar Oulad Mbarek, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 34.28°N, 4.32°W. The city’s location, at an elevation of roughly 550 meters (1800 feet) above sea level, places it within a gently sloping terrain characteristic of the Middle Atlas foothills. This elevation, while not extreme, contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – interspersed with pockets of scrubland and increasingly, peri-urban development. Douar Oulad Mbarek sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as it extends outwards from the larger urban agglomeration of Fès. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from proximity to the Oued Fez, a seasonal watercourse that influences local humidity and microclimates. The broader Fès-Meknès region is experiencing increasing industrial activity, particularly in textile manufacturing and related industries, which, while not immediately adjacent to Douar Oulad Mbarek, can contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The city’s relatively small size and primarily agricultural character mean that local agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues, can be a significant, albeit seasonal, contributor to air quality challenges. The topography, combined with agricultural practices and regional industrial influences, creates a complex interplay affecting air quality in Douar Oulad Mbarek.

The air quality in Douar Oulad Mbarek follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Morocco’s climate and meteorological conditions. During the warmer months (June-August), hot, dry winds, often originating from the Sahara, dominate, suppressing rainfall and increasing evaporation. This leads to a build-up of particulate matter, particularly dust and sand, significantly impacting air quality. The intense solar radiation also promotes the formation of ground-level ozone, a respiratory irritant. Conversely, the cooler months (November-February) bring increased rainfall and more frequent temperature inversions. While rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere, inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated concentrations of pollutants from local sources like wood-burning stoves and agricultural activities. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased wind speeds, and less frequent inversions. However, agricultural burning practices are most prevalent in the spring, potentially causing localized spikes in pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the hot, dry summer months and be aware of potential inversions during the cooler season. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the transitional months of spring and autumn, but vigilance regarding agricultural burning is advised. Fog, while infrequent, can exacerbate pollution episodes by trapping pollutants in a concentrated layer, particularly during the cooler months.