El Hajeb, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at coordinates 33.6928, -5.3711, the city is located on the northern edge of the High Atlas Mountains foothills, at an elevation of approximately 750 meters. This terrain significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills transitioning into more rugged mountainous areas to the south, and a gradually flattening plateau extending northwards towards Fès. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though seasonal streams and wadis dissect the region, contributing to localised humidity. El Hajeb’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly olive and cereal cultivation, which dominates the surrounding rural areas. While not a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to larger industrial zones around Fès means some transported pollutants can impact air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the immediate periphery quickly gives way to agricultural land. This creates localized pollution hotspots within the city, exacerbated by traffic and domestic heating, while benefiting from some dispersion from the surrounding open spaces. The valley location can also trap pollutants during periods of calm weather.

El Hajeb experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. Winter (November to February) often sees the poorest air quality. Cooler temperatures lead to increased use of wood and charcoal for heating, releasing particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common in valleys during winter, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. Spring (March to May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, coupled with occasional rainfall that washes away pollutants. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June to August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and minimal heating needs. However, prolonged drought can lead to increased dust levels. Autumn (September to October) sees a transition period. The end of the dry season can bring stagnant air, while the start of heating season begins to increase pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity on calm, cold days is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when pollution is noticeable is crucial for protecting health.