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Galaz, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco at coordinates 34.5500, -4.8000, is a small urban centre profoundly shaped by its inland location and the surrounding pre-Rif Mountains. The town sits at an elevation of approximately 600 meters, influencing temperature variations and atmospheric circulation. Unlike coastal Moroccan cities, Galaz lacks the moderating influence of the sea, experiencing a more continental climate. The landscape is characterised by rolling hills and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and olive groves. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and potential burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Galaz transitioning quickly into rural farmland. While not a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to the larger industrial zones around Fès, roughly 20km distant, means it can experience transboundary pollution. The valley location can also trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions, exacerbating air quality issues. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can carry pollutants from these sources towards Galaz, impacting local air quality. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for addressing the specific air pollution challenges faced by the town.

Galaz experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing air quality. The winter months (November to February) often see poorer air quality due to temperature inversions trapping pollutants from heating sources – wood and charcoal burning are common for domestic heating. Calm conditions and increased humidity can also lead to fog, further concentrating particulate matter. Spring (March to May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning begins during this period, potentially causing localised spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June to August) is typically the clearest period, with strong winds and dry conditions flushing out pollutants. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September to October) sees a return to more stable atmospheric conditions and the continuation of agricultural practices, leading to a gradual decline in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during periods of calm weather and agricultural burning is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when pollution is noticeable is crucial for protecting health.