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Oued Amlil, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 34.2000° latitude and -4.2833° longitude. The city’s name, referencing the Oued Amlil river, highlights its proximity to a vital water source, though the river's flow is seasonal and heavily influenced by rainfall patterns. Situated on a gently sloping plateau, Oued Amlil’s elevation contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal fields – interspersed with rolling hills and the foothills of the Middle Atlas mountains. This agricultural activity, while economically important, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of crop residues is practiced. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Oued Amlil transitions quickly from a small town characterized by traditional Moroccan architecture to the surrounding agricultural fields. The city’s location, relatively distant from major industrial centers like Fès, mitigates some industrial pollution risks, but it is not immune to regional dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert, a frequent occurrence impacting air quality across Morocco. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though their effectiveness is often hampered by temperature inversions during cooler months. The terrain’s topography, combined with the seasonal river and agricultural practices, creates a complex interplay of factors affecting local air quality.

Oued Amlil’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. The dry season, spanning roughly from April to October, typically sees increased particulate matter concentrations. This is largely due to the prevalence of Saharan dust storms, which are more frequent during the warmer months, and agricultural practices like controlled burns of agricultural waste. Summer (June-August) often brings stagnant air conditions, exacerbated by high temperatures, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (November-March), further contribute to poor air quality by preventing vertical mixing of the atmosphere. The wet season (November-March) brings some relief as rainfall washes pollutants from the air, but fog events, particularly in December and January, can trap moisture and pollutants, leading to localized periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) represent transitional periods with generally improved air quality, though dust events can still occur. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and periods of Saharan dust intrusion. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during these times and monitoring local air quality reports are advisable. The agricultural cycle, with its associated burning practices, necessitates heightened awareness during harvest seasons, particularly in late summer and early autumn.