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Sabaa Aiyoun, nestled within the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position in the foothills of the Middle Atlas Mountains. Located at coordinates 33.9000, -5.3667, the city’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, a landscape sculpted by both erosion and the proximity to the larger mountainous range. The elevation, while not extreme, contributes to localised weather patterns and influences air dispersion. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though seasonal streams and wadis traverse the surrounding area, impacting local humidity and potentially contributing to dust suspension during drier periods. Sabaa Aiyoun functions as a crucial link between the more densely populated urban centres of Fès and Meknès, and experiences a blend of urban and rural influences. Surrounding the city are significant agricultural zones, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and olive groves, alongside smaller-scale livestock farming. These agricultural practices, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable shift in land use and population density as one moves away from the city centre. This gradient affects air quality as pollutants generated within Sabaa Aiyoun can disperse into the less populated areas, while conversely, agricultural emissions can be carried into the city by prevailing winds.

Air quality in Sabaa Aiyoun follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate with continental tendencies. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall increases, washing away accumulated dust from the dry winter months. However, agricultural burning for land preparation can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest period, with high temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions. This often leads to the build-up of pollutants, particularly ozone, due to increased photochemical reactions in sunlight. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara Desert, are also more frequent during these months, significantly impacting air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing rainfall, leading to improved air quality. However, the start of the heating season can introduce localised smoke pollution from wood and charcoal burning. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. Temperature inversions are common, exacerbating pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during summer afternoons and winter mornings. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from the Sahara can rapidly degrade air quality.