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Aghbal, nestled within the Oriental Region of Morocco at coordinates 34.9394, -2.1272, is a small city of approximately 16,113 inhabitants. Its location is characterised by a semi-arid climate and a landscape transitioning between the foothills of the Atlas Mountains and the plains stretching towards the Mediterranean Sea. The city sits at an elevation of roughly 700 meters, influencing temperature patterns and contributing to potential temperature inversions. Aghbal’s surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with olive groves and cereal farming dominating the landscape. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city itself is relatively compact, quickly giving way to open farmland. Proximity to larger industrial centres further west, along the coast, means Aghbal can experience transboundary pollution. The prevailing winds, often from the west, can carry pollutants inland. The lack of significant bodies of water nearby limits evaporative cooling, exacerbating summer heat and potentially concentrating pollutants. The city’s topography, while not dramatically mountainous, creates localised microclimates that affect pollutant dispersion.

Aghbal experiences a distinct Mediterranean climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly throughout the year. Spring (March-May) brings a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, though agricultural burning begins to contribute to particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the period of highest pollution, driven by intense heat, stagnant air, and increased ozone formation due to strong sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions and industrial precursors. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near ground level. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, but dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert can significantly degrade air quality. Winter (December-February) generally offers the cleanest air, with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation. However, domestic heating using wood and charcoal can become a localised source of pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the summer months and be mindful of dust storm warnings in autumn. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds often bring pollutants from coastal areas. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also reduce exposure.