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Driouch, nestled in Morocco’s Oriental province, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s northeastern region. Located at approximately 34.98°N, -3.38°W, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 450 meters (1,476 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively cool climate compared to coastal areas. Driouch’s landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from the Rif Mountains to the west and northwest, towards the flatter plains of the Saïss region to the southeast. This terrain influences local wind patterns, often channeling breezes through the valley where Driouch is situated. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive olive groves and cereal fields dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvesting and tilling seasons. The city exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with denser residential areas concentrated around the town center, gradually thinning out into agricultural land. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Driouch benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation and local water supplies. The proximity to the Moulouya River, though not immediate, influences regional climate patterns. The absence of heavy industry within Driouch itself mitigates some pollution risks, but the city’s location within a broader agricultural belt means that regional agricultural practices and occasional dust storms from the Sahara Desert can impact air quality. The valley setting, while providing some shelter, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Driouch’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate and regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increased rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere and moderate temperatures. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara can still occur, particularly in March and April, temporarily degrading air quality. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with stagnant air masses and frequent temperature inversions, especially during July and August. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, potentially leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from agricultural activities and vehicle emissions. The lack of significant rainfall during this period exacerbates the issue. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields, can contribute to localized smoke pollution during this time. Winter (December-February) is generally the coolest and wettest season, with frequent rainfall and strong winds that help to flush out pollutants. Fog, however, can occasionally form in the valley, trapping moisture and pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months, limiting outdoor exertion during peak heat and potential pollution episodes. Spring dust storms require the use of masks and minimizing outdoor activities. Overall, the months of April, July, and August present the greatest challenges for air quality in Driouch, demanding heightened awareness and preventative measures.