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Madagh, nestled within Morocco’s Oriental province, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 35.0133° latitude and -2.3397° longitude. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping landscape, transitioning from the foothills of the Rif Mountains to the northeast towards the fertile plains of the Moulouya River valley. This location dictates a unique microclimate, influenced by both the mountain range and the river’s presence. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of olive groves, cereal fields, and scattered woodlands, indicative of a predominantly agricultural region. The Moulouya River, though not directly adjacent to Madagh, plays a crucial role in regional hydrology and influences local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Madagh itself is a small, compact settlement, quickly giving way to agricultural land and then to the more rugged terrain of the Rif Mountains. The proximity to the mountains can lead to localized wind patterns, sometimes trapping pollutants within the valley during periods of low wind speed. While Madagh isn't situated within a major industrial belt, agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of crop residue, contribute to localized air pollution. The elevation, though modest, contributes to temperature inversions during cooler months, potentially exacerbating air quality issues by trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The city’s relatively small population (14,659) suggests a primarily rural economy, with limited heavy industry, but the surrounding agricultural activity remains a key factor in its air quality profile.

Madagh’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate and the influence of the Rif Mountains. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, with fertilizer application and occasional field burning potentially contributing to localized spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest season, with high temperatures and often stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves. This can lead to a build-up of pollutants, especially ozone, formed through photochemical reactions. The lack of rainfall means there's little natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to clear the air. However, the transition period can be marked by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging season for air quality. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, coupled with reduced wind speeds, lead to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Fog is also common, further trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly during early mornings. Agricultural workers should be mindful of exposure to pesticides and fertilizers. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during periods of elevated pollution.