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Zegzel, nestled within Morocco’s Oriental region at coordinates 34.8407°N, -2.3543°W, occupies a unique geographical position. The city is situated on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the coastal plains of northeastern Morocco, though a gentle rise towards the Rif Mountains is discernible inland. This proximity to the mountains influences local wind patterns, creating localized effects on air dispersion. Zegzel’s location is approximately 15km inland from the Mediterranean Sea, a moderating influence on temperature but also a potential source of salt spray and humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and increasingly, areas dedicated to industrial activity related to food processing and light manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre densely populated and transitioning quickly to agricultural fields. This proximity to both agricultural practices (potential for ammonia emissions from fertilizers) and industrial zones (sources of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides) significantly impacts local air quality. The prevailing winds are generally from the northwest, carrying pollutants from coastal industrial areas and potentially dispersing them inland. The city’s relatively low elevation contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Zegzel experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. Winter (December-February) sees increased particulate matter from residential heating using wood and coal, exacerbated by temperature inversions common during calm, cool nights. Rainfall, while cleansing, can also mobilize dust and pollutants from surfaces. Spring (March-May) brings improving conditions as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities intensify, leading to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest period, with high temperatures and strong winds that can transport Saharan dust, significantly impacting air quality. This is often the period with the poorest visibility. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition, with decreasing temperatures and the return of rainfall, initially improving air quality but potentially increasing humidity and fostering mold growth. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and summer months. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak dust events in summer and limiting exposure on cold, still winter days is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when pollution levels are elevated is crucial for protecting respiratory health.