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Ksar El Kebir, nestled in the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, occupies a strategic position in the fertile plains between the Rif Mountains and the Atlantic coast. Located at approximately 35.0090°N, -5.9000°W, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, a characteristic of the Loukkos plain, though gently undulating hills rise towards the mountainous backdrop. This geographical setting significantly influences air quality. The Loukkos River, a vital water source, flows nearby, but its influence on dispersing pollutants is limited given the prevailing wind patterns. Ksar El Kebir functions as a regional agricultural hub, surrounded by extensive farmland dedicated to cereal crops, olives, and citrus fruits. While not heavily industrialized, the city supports some small-scale manufacturing and processing related to agriculture. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to open agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural activities introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning of agricultural residue. The coastal location brings maritime influences, but the city is far enough inland to avoid the full moderating effect of sea breezes on pollution dispersion. The surrounding Rif Mountains can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating local air quality issues. The city’s position within a natural corridor also means it’s susceptible to the transport of pollutants from other areas.

Air quality in Ksar El Kebir exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. During the spring (March-May), increasing agricultural activity, including land preparation and potential burning, contributes to elevated particulate matter levels. Gentle winds can become stagnant, trapping pollutants. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved air quality due to stronger winds from the Atlantic, aiding dispersion, and reduced agricultural burning. However, high temperatures can promote the formation of ground-level ozone. Autumn (September-November) marks a return to poorer air quality as agricultural practices intensify again, and temperature inversions become more frequent, particularly in October and November, trapping pollutants near the ground. These inversions, caused by cooler air settling below warmer air aloft, are a major contributor to pollution episodes. Winter (December-February) is generally the period of best air quality, with increased rainfall helping to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, and reduced agricultural activity. However, wood and charcoal burning for heating can locally increase particulate matter. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and spring, and be mindful of ozone levels on hot summer days. Monitoring local conditions and adjusting activity accordingly is crucial.