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Larache, nestled in northern Morocco within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region, occupies a unique geographic position where the Oued Loukkos River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city sprawls across a relatively flat coastal plain, gently rising towards the foothills of the Rif Mountains to the south. This terrain significantly influences air quality; the coastal location benefits from prevailing Atlantic breezes that can disperse pollutants, but also creates conditions for humidity and fog, trapping emissions during temperature inversions. Historically a key port, Larache’s urban character blends traditional Moroccan architecture with influences from its Spanish protectorate past. Surrounding the city are fertile agricultural lands, particularly along the Loukkos valley, supporting intensive farming practices that contribute to particulate matter and ammonia emissions. Further inland, the rugged Rif Mountains act as a partial barrier, influencing wind patterns and occasionally trapping air masses. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the city centre due to traffic and domestic fuel burning. Industrial activity, though not concentrated within Larache itself, is present in nearby coastal zones, adding to regional background pollution levels. The city’s proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar also means it can be affected by air masses originating from Europe and the Iberian Peninsula.

Larache experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings increasing temperatures and agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from dust and farming operations. Gentle breezes offer some relief, but occasional temperature inversions can trap pollutants. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and reduced rainfall. This can exacerbate ozone formation, particularly in areas with high vehicle traffic. The dry conditions also increase the risk of dust storms originating from the Sahara. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of rainfall and increased wind activity, generally improving air quality by washing away pollutants. However, the onset of heating season also begins, contributing to localised smoke pollution. Winters (December-February) are mild and wet, with frequent fog and humidity. While rainfall helps cleanse the air, temperature inversions are common, trapping moisture and pollutants near the ground. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter months and periods of calm weather. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times, and utilising air filtration indoors, are recommended preventative measures throughout the year.