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Zhob, situated in the northern Balochistan province of Pakistan at coordinates 31.3417°N, 69.4486°E, occupies a unique and challenging geographical position. The city is nestled within a high-altitude plateau, part of the Sulaiman Mountains, at an elevation of approximately 1,867 meters (6,125 feet). This mountainous terrain significantly influences local weather patterns and air circulation, often trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rugged, semi-arid hills and valleys, with sparse vegetation. Zhob isn’t proximate to any major bodies of water; the nearest significant river is the Zhob River, but its distance doesn’t offer substantial moderating effects on air quality. The urban area itself is relatively small, with a population of around 46,164, exhibiting a clear urban-rural gradient as it transitions into the surrounding agricultural lands and nomadic pastoral areas. While not a major industrial hub, local brick kilns and vehicle emissions contribute to particulate matter. Dust storms, common in the region, are a major source of air pollution, exacerbated by the arid climate and loose soil. The city serves as a regional trade and administrative centre, increasing traffic and associated emissions. The topography restricts air dispersion, making Zhob particularly vulnerable to localised pollution build-up.

Zhob experiences a stark seasonal air quality narrative dictated by its continental climate. Summers (May-August) bring hot, dry conditions and frequent dust storms originating from the surrounding arid landscapes, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. These dust events, coupled with increased vehicle activity during warmer months, create peak pollution periods. Conversely, winters (November-February) often see temperature inversions forming in the valley, trapping pollutants close to the ground and worsening air quality, particularly from domestic heating sources like wood and coal. Rainfall is scarce, but when it occurs, it provides temporary relief by washing away particulate matter. The spring (March-April) and autumn (September-October) offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures and reduced dust storm activity. However, even during these periods, agricultural burning practices can contribute to localised smoke. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid strenuous outdoor activity during summer dust storms and winter inversions. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; westerly winds can bring cleaner air, while stagnant conditions exacerbate pollution. Months to avoid are June-July (dust) and December-January (inversions).