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Jovellar, nestled in the province of Albay, Philippines, occupies a strategically significant position within the Bicol Region. Located at approximately 13.07° N, 123.60° E, the municipality is dramatically shaped by the presence of Mount Mayon, an active stratovolcano dominating the regional landscape. This proximity profoundly influences Jovellar’s geography and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and sloping agricultural lands, transitioning to steeper inclines closer to the volcano’s base. Elevation varies considerably, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. The municipality benefits from its adjacency to the Pacific Ocean, providing a source of moisture and influencing prevailing winds. Surrounding Jovellar are extensive rice paddies and coconut plantations, forming a vibrant agricultural belt. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth; Jovellar itself is a small, largely rural municipality with limited industrial activity, primarily focused on agriculture and small-scale commerce. However, the broader Albay province experiences increasing urbanization, particularly around Legazpi City, which could indirectly impact Jovellar’s air quality through regional pollution transport. The volcanic soil, while fertile, can also contribute to particulate matter in the air, especially following periods of volcanic activity or soil disturbance. The valley setting, while providing some shelter, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, exacerbating localized air quality issues.

Jovellar’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees clearer skies and reduced rainfall, but can also lead to increased concentrations of particulate matter. Reduced precipitation means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere, and drier conditions can exacerbate dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the valley setting, leading to periods of stagnant air. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. These conditions generally improve air quality by washing away pollutants and increasing atmospheric mixing. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and increased runoff, carrying particulate matter into the air. The monsoon season, particularly in August and September, brings strong winds that can disperse pollutants, but also introduce moisture and potentially increase humidity-related respiratory issues. During the dry season, particularly February and March, sensitive individuals, such as those with asthma or respiratory sensitivities, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the morning hours when inversions are most likely. The wet season, while generally beneficial, can still present challenges due to increased mold and allergens. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification is advisable year-round, especially for vulnerable populations including children and the elderly.