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Alburquerque, Bohol, Philippines, nestled on the island’s western coast, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 9.6104° N, 123.9549° E, the municipality occupies a gently sloping terrain transitioning from coastal plains to rolling hills, a characteristic feature of Bohol’s landscape. Its elevation, though relatively low, contributes to localized microclimates. The proximity to the Bohol Sea dictates a maritime influence, generally moderating temperatures and introducing sea breezes. However, this also means the potential for salt spray and coastal aerosols impacting air composition. Alburquerque’s position within Bohol places it within a region dominated by agricultural activity, primarily coconut and rice farming, which can contribute to particulate matter through land clearing and burning practices, though these are typically regulated. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Alburquerque retains a largely rural character, with limited industrial presence. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, interspersed with small villages and interspersed with karst topography, a defining feature of Bohol’s geology. This karst landscape influences drainage patterns and can affect local wind flow, potentially trapping pollutants in certain areas. The lack of major industrial belts within immediate proximity is a positive factor, but agricultural emissions and occasional localized burning remain potential air quality concerns. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise and altered rainfall patterns, which could indirectly affect air quality through changes in vegetation and erosion.

Alburquerque’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; while burning is regulated, occasional instances of land clearing for planting can release smoke and dust into the atmosphere. The reduced rainfall during this period also means less natural cleansing of the air. The wet season, from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can stir up dust and sediment, temporarily degrading air quality. The monsoon season, particularly in August and September, brings strong winds that can disperse pollutants, but also introduce moisture and potentially increase humidity-related respiratory issues. Fog, while infrequent, can occur during the cooler months (December-February), trapping pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poorer air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly mindful during the dry season and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but caution should be exercised during periods of flooding due to potential dust and sediment exposure. While large-scale industrial pollution is minimal, awareness of agricultural practices and potential localized burning events remains crucial for maintaining good air quality throughout the year.