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Loay, Bohol, nestled on the island of Bohol in the Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the Visayas region. Located at approximately 9.6000° N, 124.0200° E, the municipality sits along the eastern coast of the island, bordering the Bohol Sea. Its terrain is characterized by a mix of gently sloping plains transitioning to undulating hills, typical of Bohol’s limestone karst landscape. The elevation ranges from near sea level along the coastline to approximately 150 meters inland, influencing local wind patterns and potential for temperature inversions. Loay’s proximity to the sea moderates temperatures, but also introduces maritime influences on air quality, including salt spray and potential for coastal fog. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, dominated by agricultural lands – rice paddies, coconut plantations, and small-scale farming – which contribute to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvesting seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth; Loay itself is a small, developing municipality, with a gradual transition to agricultural areas rather than a sharp urban boundary. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Loay, minimizing direct industrial emissions. However, the wider Bohol province experiences some quarrying activity, and dust from these operations can occasionally impact air quality, especially during the dry season. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can disperse pollutants, but also carry them along the coastline.

Loay’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural activities like burning of crop residues after harvest, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas. While not widespread, these localized burns contribute to short-term spikes in smoke and dust. The dry season also tends to be hotter, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Conversely, the wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. These conditions generally lead to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased humidity can trap some pollutants, but also facilitates their removal. During the wet season, periods of heavy rainfall are interspersed with calmer days, and occasional fog can form, particularly in the mornings, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. Wind patterns are generally consistent with the prevailing sea breezes, which help to disperse pollutants, but can also carry them along the coast. For sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, the dry season months of March to May should be approached with caution, limiting strenuous outdoor activities during peak heat and potential smoke events. The wet season offers a more favourable period for outdoor pursuits, although vigilance regarding potential flooding and waterborne illnesses remains important.