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Iguig, a municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines, occupies a strategic position within the Cagayan Valley, a broad, fertile plain bordered by the Cordillera Central mountain range to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. Located at approximately 17.75°N latitude and 121.74°E longitude, Iguig’s terrain is predominantly flat, typical of alluvial floodplains formed by the Cagayan River, the largest river basin in the Philippines. The town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies, agricultural lands cultivating various crops, and scattered residential areas. While not heavily industrialized, the region supports agricultural processing and small-scale manufacturing. The proximity to the Cagayan River, while vital for irrigation and transport, can also contribute to humidity and potential stagnant air conditions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Iguig maintains a largely rural character, but experiences increasing population density in the *poblacion* (town center). This blend of agricultural activity and growing settlement patterns significantly influences local air quality. Dust from agricultural practices, emissions from farming equipment, and potential burning of agricultural waste are key factors. The open landscape allows for some wind flow, but the flat terrain and surrounding mountains can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather.

Iguig experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the prevailing wind patterns and the Philippine monsoon. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (roughly May to November) as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The northeast monsoon, or *amihan*, brings cooler temperatures and relatively cleaner air from November to February, making these months generally favourable for outdoor activities. The dry season (December to May) sees a noticeable decline in air quality. March and April are typically the worst months, characterized by higher temperatures, lower humidity, and increased agricultural burning to prepare fields for planting. This burning releases significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface, can exacerbate pollution during calm mornings. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. The southwest monsoon (*habagat*) from June to October brings heavy rainfall, but can also contribute to localized flooding and the spread of waterborne pollutants. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from neighboring areas.