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Barotac Nuevo, nestled in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay in the Philippines, occupies a low-lying coastal plain. Its coordinates (10.9000, 122.7000) place it directly along the Jaro-Iloilo River, a significant waterway influencing local humidity and potential for localised flooding. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of alluvial deposits from the river system, with a gentle slope towards the sea. Surrounding Barotac Nuevo is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and coconut plantations, typical of the Western Visayas region. While not heavily industrialised itself, the city functions as a regional trading hub for agricultural produce, leading to increased vehicular traffic. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; immediately surrounding the *poblacion* are intensely cultivated fields, transitioning to more dispersed rural settlements further inland. This proximity to agricultural activities introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation and crop residue burning. The coastal location means the city is exposed to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing wind directions and atmospheric stability. The lack of significant topographical features limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating pollution episodes. The city’s position within the broader Iloilo basin influences regional air circulation patterns.

Barotac Nuevo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to May, sees a peak in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural practices like land preparation and burning of coconut husks contribute significantly to PM2.5 and PM10 levels. March and April are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. The shift to the wet season, beginning around June, brings a dramatic improvement in air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the wet season also brings the risk of localised flooding, which can mobilise pollutants from agricultural runoff. The southwest monsoon, dominant from June to October, brings consistent winds that generally aid in dispersion, but can also transport pollutants from other areas of Panay Island. November sees a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and considering the use of masks when dust levels are high. Monitoring weather patterns and avoiding peak agricultural burning periods is advisable.