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Urdaneta City, nestled in the heart of Pangasinan province, Philippines, occupies a strategically important location within the Luzon island’s central plains. Situated at approximately 15.9761° N, 120.5711° E and an elevation of roughly 135 meters above sea level, the city benefits from a relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the expansive Pangasinan alluvial plain. This plain is formed by the Agno River and its tributaries, creating fertile agricultural land that surrounds Urdaneta. The city’s proximity to the Agno River, a major waterway, influences local humidity and microclimates. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of rice paddies, cornfields, and smaller farms, representing a significant agricultural zone. To the east, the Caraballo Mountains rise, providing a backdrop and influencing regional wind patterns. Urdaneta serves as a vital transportation hub, lying along the MacArthur Highway, a major arterial route connecting northern and central Luzon. This contributes to vehicular traffic and potential localized air pollution. While not directly adjacent to large industrial belts, the city’s role as a commercial center and its connection to surrounding agricultural areas mean that agricultural practices (burning of crop residue) and vehicle emissions are key factors shaping its air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with pockets of denser residential areas interspersed within the agricultural landscape, creating a unique blend of urban and rural influences on the local environment.

Urdaneta’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November to May, often sees a build-up of pollutants. Reduced rainfall means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing, and the prevailing winds, often lighter during this period, can trap emissions closer to the ground. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, are more frequent during the cooler months (December-February), exacerbating this effect by preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields after harvest, is most prevalent towards the end of the dry season and early into the wet season, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. The wet season, from June to October, brings monsoon rains and increased humidity. These rains naturally scrub the atmosphere, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from inundated areas. Fog, particularly during the transition months (November and May), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor activities during these times and wearing appropriate masks can help mitigate exposure. The transition months, with their potential for fog and lingering agricultural emissions, also warrant careful consideration.