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Bontoc, Southern Leyte, Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the Samar Sea region. Nestled at approximately 10.35° N, 124.97° E, the municipality sits at a moderate elevation, contributing to a unique microclimate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and verdant agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coconut and rice cultivation, typical of the Southern Leyte province. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvesting seasons. The proximity to the Samar Sea influences humidity levels and prevailing winds, which play a crucial role in air circulation and pollutant dispersal. Bontoc’s urban character is distinctly rural; it’s a small municipality with a relatively low population density, lacking significant industrial zones. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural fields seamlessly blending into residential areas. The terrain is generally undulating, which can trap pollutants in certain areas, especially during periods of low wind. The absence of major highways directly traversing Bontoc limits transportation-related air pollution, although occasional vehicle emissions from local transport contribute. The surrounding forests, though diminishing, still offer some natural air filtration capacity. The overall geographic setting of Bontoc presents a scenario where localized agricultural practices and limited vehicular traffic are the primary drivers of air quality concerns, rather than large-scale industrial emissions.

Bontoc’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices employed by farmers preparing fields for planting, releasing smoke and ash into the atmosphere. While winds are generally present, they can be variable, occasionally leading to localized stagnation and pollutant accumulation, especially in valleys. The wet season, from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and significantly higher humidity. These conditions generally lead to improved air quality as precipitation effectively washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also result in fog, which, while visually appealing, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating temporary pockets of reduced visibility and potentially impacting respiratory health. December to February represents a transitional period with less intense rainfall and more stable atmospheric conditions. During this time, temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and be mindful of potential fog events during the wet season. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but awareness of localized fog is crucial.