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Chojnów, nestled within the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a unique geographical position in the Fore-Sudetic Basin. The city sits approximately 220 meters above sea level, a relatively low elevation within the broader Silesian Lowland. This gently undulating terrain, shaped by glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch, contributes to localized drainage patterns and potential for temperature inversions. The Barycz Valley, a broad, flat area formed by the Barycz River, lies to the south, influencing local humidity and wind flow. Historically, Chojnów’s development was tied to its location along trade routes and proximity to natural resources, including limestone quarries which still operate today. Surrounding the city is a mix of agricultural land – primarily arable fields – and patches of coniferous forest, typical of Lower Silesia. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with farmland immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity to both agricultural activity (potential ammonia emissions) and ongoing industrial processes (limestone processing, potential dust) significantly impacts local air quality. The prevailing winds, often from the west or southwest, can transport pollutants from larger industrial centres further west, exacerbating conditions. The city’s compact urban form, with a mix of older residential buildings and newer developments, also influences air circulation patterns.

Air quality in Chojnów exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage the widespread burning of coal and wood for heating in residential areas, leading to elevated particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations. Frequent temperature inversions, common in the basin during calm, cold weather, trap pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities, like fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, increased wind speeds, and rainfall which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, prolonged periods of hot, dry weather can lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to poorer conditions as heating resumes, and stagnant air masses become more frequent. October is often a particularly challenging month. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds may bring pollutants from regional sources. Fog, common in autumn and winter, can further concentrate pollutants.