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Lubań, nestled within the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a unique geographical position in the Lusatian Mountains, close to the Czech and German borders. The city is situated on the Nysa Łużycka river, a significant waterway influencing local microclimates and potentially contributing to humidity-related pollution dispersion. Lubań’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the pre-Sudetes region, with an elevation around 210-300 meters above sea level. This topography can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. Historically, Lubań was a centre for textile production, and while industry has diversified, remnants of older industrial activity contribute to background pollution levels. Surrounding Lubań is a mix of agricultural land, particularly arable fields, and forested areas, creating a complex urban-rural gradient. The proximity to both agricultural practices (potential ammonia emissions) and forested areas (biogenic volatile organic compounds) impacts the chemical composition of local air. The city’s location within a basin-like structure, coupled with prevailing westerly winds, means pollutants can accumulate, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. The urban area itself is relatively compact, with a mix of older residential buildings and more modern developments, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion.

Lubań’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage the widespread use of coal and wood for heating, a significant source of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Frequent temperature inversions, common in the valley setting, trap these pollutants near ground level. Fog, a frequent occurrence during these months, further reduces dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities begin, potentially increasing ammonia levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, stronger winds, and increased atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to poorer conditions as heating systems are reactivated, and stagnant weather patterns become more common. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial in spring and summer. Avoiding peak hours near busy roads and industrial areas is advisable year-round. The Nysa Łużycka river can contribute to localised humidity, potentially affecting particulate matter dispersion.