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Polkowice, nestled within the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship of southwestern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Lower Silesian Upland. Its coordinates (51.5000, 16.0667) place it amidst a gently undulating terrain, characterized by loess deposits and glacial landforms, a legacy of the Pleistocene epoch. The city’s elevation averages around 150-180 meters above sea level, contributing to localized temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. Polkowice sits on the edge of a predominantly agricultural zone, transitioning into more industrial landscapes further east towards the Kłodzko Basin. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of arable fields, pastures, and scattered woodlands, typical of the Silesian Lowlands. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area is drained by smaller tributaries feeding into the Barycz River, influencing local humidity and microclimates. Historically, the region’s geology, rich in copper deposits, has driven significant mining and smelting activities, a legacy that continues to shape the area’s industrial character. This proximity to industrial zones, combined with the relatively flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, can influence the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Polkowice is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery, impacting the overall air quality dynamics and creating a complex interplay between urban emissions and rural background levels. The city’s location, therefore, presents both opportunities and challenges regarding air quality management.

Polkowice’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often see the poorest air quality due to temperature inversions. Cold, stable air becomes trapped near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants released from residential heating (primarily coal and wood) and industrial sources. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and wind speeds increase, facilitating pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including the spreading of fertilizers, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with frequent convective mixing and higher wind speeds effectively diluting pollutants. Occasional heatwaves can, however, lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, and agricultural burning, though regulated, can contribute to localized pollution episodes. The city’s location within a region reliant on coal for heating means that residential emissions are a significant factor throughout the colder months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in the mornings and evenings during winter and autumn. Increased ventilation in homes is also advisable. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated pollution, encouraging residents to monitor air quality reports and take appropriate precautions.