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Zgorzelec, nestled in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a unique and historically significant location on the border with Germany, directly opposite Görlitz. Situated at approximately 51.15°N, 15.01°E, the city’s geography is defined by the confluence of the Lusatian Neisse and the Bóbr rivers, creating a distinctive fluvial landscape. The terrain is gently undulating, characterized by low hills and broad, fertile plains, a legacy of glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch. Elevation ranges from around 170 to 230 meters above sea level. This relatively flat topography, while facilitating urban development, can also contribute to localized air quality challenges, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly arable land used for grain and vegetable cultivation – interspersed with pockets of mixed deciduous forests, typical of the Sudetes foothills. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas extending outwards from the city limits. Historically, the region has been an industrial area, with coal mining and related industries playing a significant role, though their influence has diminished in recent decades. The proximity to the German industrial belt, particularly the Dresden-Berlin corridor, means that Zgorzelec can be susceptible to transboundary air pollution events. The city’s location on the river also influences local microclimates, with river breezes sometimes providing a degree of natural ventilation, though this effect is often limited by the surrounding topography and prevailing weather patterns. The Neisse River acts as a natural barrier, influencing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Zgorzelec’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often present the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This, combined with reduced sunlight hours and increased domestic heating reliant on solid fuels like coal and wood, results in elevated particulate matter concentrations. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including the spreading of fertilizers, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, and robust wind patterns effectively diluting and removing pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) marks a transitional period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, and agricultural burning, though regulated, can still contribute to localized pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or calm conditions. During the agricultural seasons, those with allergies or respiratory sensitivities should monitor pollen and ammonia levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated pollution.