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Przemyśl, nestled in southeastern Poland within the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, occupies a strategically significant location at the confluence of the San and Wiar rivers. Its coordinates (49.7833, 22.7667) place it within a gently undulating terrain, characterized by low hills and fertile plains, a legacy of glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch. The city’s elevation averages around 230 meters above sea level, contributing to localized temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. Przemyśl’s position near the Ukrainian border has historically shaped its urban character, fostering a blend of Polish and Eastern European influences. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and rapeseed dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution, especially during harvest periods. To the east, the Carpathian foothills begin to rise, influencing regional weather patterns and occasionally trapping pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Przemyśl is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings seamlessly transitioning into the city’s periphery. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, Przemyśl historically served as a railway hub, and remnants of industrial activity, including some smaller manufacturing facilities, exist within and around the city, potentially impacting local air quality. The San River, while providing a scenic backdrop, can also exacerbate pollution issues during periods of low flow, concentrating contaminants. The city’s compact urban form, with a historic core surrounded by more modern residential areas, influences local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion.

Przemyśl’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often present the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and potentially other gaseous pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further reduces atmospheric mixing and exacerbates the problem. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. Agricultural activities, however, begin to ramp up, introducing dust and ammonia into the air. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, and robust wind patterns promoting pollutant dispersion. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more variable conditions. Harvest season contributes to elevated particulate matter levels from agricultural fields. Cooler temperatures and decreasing sunlight hours can also lead to localized inversions, particularly in the evenings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or calm conditions. During harvest season, wearing a mask can help reduce exposure to agricultural dust. Increased rainfall during spring and summer generally provides a natural cleansing effect, improving air quality and reducing the need for stringent precautions. Monitoring local weather forecasts and air quality reports is advisable throughout the year.