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Rzeszów, nestled in the southeastern corner of Poland within the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, occupies a unique geographic position. The city is situated on the Sandomierz Basin, a relatively low-lying plain sculpted by glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch. This basin contributes to a tendency for stagnant air masses, particularly during winter. The Wisłok River meanders through Rzeszów, offering some natural ventilation but also potentially trapping pollutants in its valley. Surrounding the city is a landscape transitioning from agricultural fields – primarily cereal crops and orchards – to the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains to the south. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces seasonal particulate matter from farming activities, while the mountains themselves can act as barriers to air circulation. Historically, Rzeszów developed as a regional trade and administrative centre, and in recent decades has experienced significant industrial growth, particularly in aviation and manufacturing. This industrial belt, concentrated to the east and north of the city centre, is a key source of emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with quickly transitioning land use as one moves away from the city core, impacting local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. The relatively flat terrain limits natural dispersion, making Rzeszów susceptible to localised pollution build-up.

Rzeszów’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the worst conditions. Low temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants – primarily from domestic heating using coal and wood – close to the ground. Calm wind conditions exacerbate this, leading to prolonged periods of poor air. March and April bring a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural burning can temporarily worsen particulate matter levels. Summer months, from June to August, generally offer the cleanest air, aided by stronger winds and increased atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to photochemical smog formation, increasing ozone concentrations. Autumn, particularly October and November, marks a return to deteriorating conditions as heating systems are reactivated. Fog is a frequent occurrence in autumn and winter, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of fog. Monitoring forecasts and avoiding peak heating hours can also mitigate exposure. Spring and summer are the most favourable times for outdoor activities, but even then, awareness of potential ozone levels during heatwaves is advisable.