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Hajnówka, nestled within the Podlaskie Voivodeship of northeastern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Białowieża Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site and Europe’s last primeval forest. The city’s coordinates (52.7333, 23.5667) place it on relatively low-lying terrain, averaging around 170 meters above sea level, characterized by gently rolling hills and numerous small streams and wetlands. This proximity to the Białowieża Forest, while offering immense ecological value, also influences Hajnówka’s air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a mosaic of agricultural fields, pastures, and extensive woodland, creating a gradual urban–rural gradient. The forest acts as a significant carbon sink, but also a potential source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can react with other pollutants to form ozone, particularly during warmer months. Hajnówka’s location is far removed from major industrial belts, lessening direct industrial emissions. However, the region’s agricultural practices, including livestock farming and fertilizer use, contribute to ammonia emissions, a precursor to particulate matter formation. The relatively flat topography and limited wind channeling can exacerbate pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. The nearby Narew River, though not directly adjacent to the city center, influences local humidity and temperature patterns, impacting the dispersion of airborne pollutants. The city’s urban character is relatively small-scale, with a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and administrative buildings, minimizing localized urban heat island effects but not eliminating them entirely.

Hajnówka’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and vegetation begins to absorb pollutants, though agricultural activities, including the spreading of fertilizers, can temporarily elevate ammonia levels. Summer (June-August) presents a more complex picture. Warm temperatures and abundant sunshine promote the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly during stagnant air conditions. The Białowieża Forest releases BVOCs, which contribute to ozone production. Periods of drought can worsen this situation. Autumn (September-November) typically brings a noticeable improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and ozone production decreases. However, agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally contribute to particulate matter spikes. The most challenging period is winter (December-February). Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and other pollutants. Fog, common during winter, further restricts dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during winter and on days with stagnant air conditions. During the warmer months, outdoor activities should be avoided during peak ozone hours, typically mid-morning to early afternoon. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and avoiding strenuous activity during periods of elevated pollution are also advisable. The region's climate, characterized by cold winters and warm summers, dictates the seasonal patterns of pollutant formation and dispersion, requiring adaptive strategies for public health protection.